When I’m sixty-four
Give me your answer, fill in a form
Mine for evermore
Will you still need me
Will you still feed me When I’m sixty-four?
Average life expectancy at birth for Indians in 2010 was 64.4 years, which means the Beatles song could be an elegy. We fared more poorly than our neighbors Bangladesh (66.9), Sri Lanka (74.4) and Pakistan (67.2).
Independent India is going to be 64 this year, and the census-takers are filling their forms and seeking answers from more than 1.2 billion of us, a seething subcontinent of noise, tumult, hard work and yes, corruption too.
Somehow the government’s annual. budget is seen as the multivitamin that will put the bounce back in our steps. Pranab Mukherjee’s third budget for UPA-II was workmanlike and plodding, with only an occasional spring in its step. Elixir it was not. It seemed as if the finance minister was sinking back in the cushions of an economy growing at the “Hindu rate of reform”, about 9 per cent. He protested that his budget was not populist, and blamed the absence of dramatic reform with the same lament: crucial financial-sector legislation would move forward “if I had 272 (MPs) in the Lok Sabha and 124 in the Rajya Sabha”.
So, there is quite a bit of sleight of hand in the 13,800-word budget speech that eclipsed cricket and sent the stock markets into a brief tizzy. The individual tax-payer will get a smidgen more of spending money. but it will be quickly snatched away by service tax on more items, and the ominous inevitability of high inflation – something that Mukherjee’s Chief Financial Adviser Kaushik Basu does not think is too alarming. In a strange new global economy, Basu says, we have a new form of stagflation – stagnation in some parts of the world, inflation in others. Money flows to the magnets, and India is a magnet, like it or not.
But Mukherjee can see the ghosts. “The huge differences be- tween wholesale and retail prices and between markets in different parts of the country are just not acceptable.” he said in his budget speech. “These are at the expense of remunerative prices for farmers and competitive prices for consumers.”
The budget is therefore a khichdi of cold chains, mega food parks, “pulses villages”, “vegetable clusters”, more pigs, goats and fish on the dining table., and cheaper pistachios and diapers. The finance minister has some fun too. Many of the steps he lists to attack food-price inflation all involve paltry outlays of ₹300 crore each and will glance off that monster’s tough hide. “Hon’ble Members may be curious as to why all these new initiatives are being launched with an allocation of ₹300 crore. Well, the number 3 happens to be my lucky number!”
Pranab Mukherjee’s third budget for UPA-II was workmanlike and plodding, with only an occasional spring in its step. It seemed as if Mukherjee was sinking back in the cushions of an economy growing at the “Hindu rate of reform”
Mukherjee said. Nobody laughed. As we predicted quite a bit of spending will take place in states going to the elections this year. This, plus a 17 per cent increase in social sector spending to ₹160,887 crore- 36.4 per cent of total plan allocation – is proof enough of the safe furrow Mukherjee is ploughing.
Is the harvest going to be bountiful? The signs are not propitious. Corporate profit margins are getting squeezed. Industrial production has dropped. Manufacturing is not growing fast enough.
Mukherjee wants to see manufacturing rise to 25 per cent of India’s GDP, from the current 16 per cent. The Economic Survey for 2010- 11 notes that Indian manufacturing is less than 1.4 per cent of world manufacturing.
There is a fair bit of philosophizing. too, in the Survey: “Many a noble plan to reach out to the poor and increase the welfare of our citizens has fallen on hard times because of the policymakers’ propensity to assume that the policies are delivered by flawlessly moral agents or perfectly. -programmed robots.”
The budget fiddles around the edges of corruption and poor governance. Yes, there is definite movement towards direct transfers of subsidies to the poor for kerosene, cooking gas and fertilizer, but much is left to committees and panels.
What are the main concerns? The fragile global recovery could cause a “reversal of capital flows and slowdown in exports”. The current account deficit is too high – it rose to 3.7 per cent of GDP in the first half of 2010-11 from 2.2 per cent a year earlier. Mukherjee admits he would have preferred a level around 2.5 per cent. The Survey says periodic surges in capital flows need to be absorbed more efficiently. It also warns that the bulk of capital inflows consisted of foreign institutional investor, or FIL, funds. The World Bank separately cautions that renewed shocks to the global financial system could trigger a “flight to safety” by investors. The Economic Survey notes that FDI in April-november 2010 totalled $19, nearly the same level as a year earlier, while portfolio investment including fii inflows rose sharply to $32.8 billion in the eight month period from $22.2 billion a year earlier.
Mukherjee announced sops designed to attract more investment inflows. Foreigners can now invest directly in Indian mutual funds. FIIS can buy a total of up to $40 billion in corporate bonds, and invest in unlisted bonds with a minimum three-year lock-in.
Subsidies of every hue will total ₹1.44 trillion in 2011-12, up from a Disinvestment may bring in the targeted ₹40,000 crore (the same as 2010-11, when only ₹22,144 crore was raised), but there is no windfall on the cards like this fiscal year’s 3G auctions, and Mukherjee does not explain where the extra money is going to come from.
At bottom, this government will enter its third year in power without a BHAG (big, hairy, audacious goal) beyond the rather weary “sustainable and inclusive growth”. Will populism lift India into a high-income, skilledlabour bracket? We will need all the enterprise, innovation and success we can marshal. Noting that 70 per cent of Indians will be of working age by 2025, Mukherjee announced a sharp 24 per cent rise in outlays on education to ₹52,057 crore, and a 40 per cent rise in expenditure on the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program me, which seeks to universalize primary education, to ₹21,000 crore. The UNDP’S Human Development Report says Indians enjoyed only 4.4 mean years of schooling in 2010, lower again than our three immediate neigh- bours. The 2010 Annual Status of Education Report, or ASER, by Pratham, an NGO, makes for depressing reading. Although 96.5 per cent of children in the 6-14 age group were enrolled in school, it says, only 53.4 per cent of fifth-grade children could read a second-grade level text. The Economic Survey quotes ASER 2010 as saying that the proportion of first-grade children who could recognize numbers from 1 to 9 declined from 69.3 per cent in 2009 to 65.8 per cent in 2010. The proportion of third-grade children who could solve two-digit subtraction problems dropped from 39 per cent in 2009 to 36.5 per cent in 2010.
Do not be in any doubt – the mountain is high, and the climb is steep. Our ascent is perilous. It has not got easier.
