Published date: Mar 2nd-15th 1981, New Delhi

Never had so many people gained so little from so heralded an event as the Kisan Rally in Delhi on 16 February. Estimates of the crowd gathered on the Rajpath lawns ranged from 2.5 million by Delhi Police Commissioner PS Bhinder to 5 million by Congress(I) General Secretary Kalpnath. Rai. But the most generous calculation, taking into account the number of people who had entered Delhi for the Rally until the previous night and the capacity of the huge venue, put the figure at one million people, who waited over five hours through an unusually warm winter morning for Indira to put in her appearance.

It was history’s largest-ever gathering, if Congress(I) leaders were to be believed. But to what end? After all the to-do and the anticipation, the entire tamasha ended in an unforgettably anti-climactic manner when, clad in a white sari, Mrs Gandhi mounted the 15-ft high rostrum. Forty minutes later, a little out of breath, she ended what was possibly history’s most expensive speech (estimated cost: at least Rs 1 lakh a second) and yet gave the farmers no benefits at all.

So completely is loyalty within the Party expected, and taken for granted, that not one reference was made to the hundreds of thousands of party workers who must have worked to make the Rally a success. Five minutes before Mrs Gandhi’s arrival, nine of her chief ministers lined, beaming, along the southern side of the rostrum so that the photographers massed below could devour them.

The Kisan Rally itself was merely the tip of an iceberg. Beneath it, out of sight, there had been a month of preparation nation-wide-a mobilisation of men and resources that would have done an army proud, a pace that, once set by all the party Chief Ministers, gathered awesome speed and ended in an invasion that left the capital’s six million citizens speechless. Discerning observers, however, put the actual kisan presence at a quarter of the crowd. The rest were not so much kisans as loyal camp followers: factory workers, lawyers, government employees, teachers, and the like.

If DPCC (I) president HKL Bhagat (who was overall in-charge of arrangements) were to be believed, the Rally was a miraculous event. “All activity countrywide began exactly two weeks before the Rally,” said Bhagat. But the meticulousness of the planning seemed to confirm that the mobilisation had begun a month earlier when, concerned by vaguely worded Opposition plans to gather farmers in Delhi on 16 February, (the day the Budget session of Parliament opened) the Congress(I) decided to pre-empt its rivals.

An event of this magnitude renders a quantification of all the effort put in difficult. But reports flowing in from all parts of the country indicate the gigantic scale of mobilisation of the Congress(I) machinery, the misuse of official machinery, the disruption in routine in all the Congress(I)- ruled states, and the arm-twisting that must have taken place in order to ensure a grand turnout. All Congress(!) MPs, all six Congress(I) general secretaries, all Congress(I) MLAs in each state and all party leaders and workers worked non-stop towards this end. In addition, district transport officers, – block development officers (BDOs), panchayat officers, district magistrates and their personnel, and gram pradhans in every states had, perforce, to contribute their mite.

The entire exercise was accompanied by a well- coordinated publicity blitzkrieg. Advertisements appeared in every newspaper worth patronising, touting the Party’s concern for farmers and listing state-wide measures under- taken for their betterment. Millions of posters, thousands of cassette tapes carrying “kisan” songs, miles of cloth banners, some not-so-subtle coercion applied to industrialists, and a few conciliatory sops given here and there ensured that every party worker worth his salt would claim to be a “kisan’s son” and that survival as a Congress(I) animal would depend on ensuring maximum participation in the circus on 16 February.

No magician could have laid claim to such mass hypnosis. The AICC (I) headquarters at 24 Akbar Road began to wave the wand in directions that were mysteriously indicated-by Rajiv Gandhi, as it transpired (see box on page 33)-after a meeting of seven ruling party Chief Ministers in Delhi exactly a month before the Rally. The Party’s genies set to work at once. A nine-member central coordination committee was set up, consisting of general secretaries Vasant rao Patil, Rajendra kumari Bajpai, Karuppiah Moopanar, Kalpnath Rai, Satyanarayana Rao and Shyam Sunder Mohapatra, as well as kisan cell president Chaudhury Randhir Singh, publicity mastermind Shrikant Verma and DPCC (I) president HKL Bhagat. Special cells of the various state party units were set up in the compound of the Party headquarters. Beginning from 28 January, Kalpnath Rai (who is also the convenor of the Party kisan cell) toured Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa. At local levels, a frantic campaign to raise funds began. Now that the Congress(I) seemed well entrenched in power, it was easy to extract ‘donations’-in cash and kind from traders, industrialists and anyone else desirous of “long-term” gains.

In her speech at the Rally, Mrs Gandhi recalled that she had been in prison when Charan Singh had organised his kisan tamasha on 23 December 1978. This time, she was making sure, ‘kulak’ leaders like Singh would be decisively upstaged. In order to show that the Party enjoyed wide- spread grassroots support in every nook and corner of the country (the farmers at Charan’s Rally came only from Hindi-speaking states) an adequate representation from the south and the north-east had to be ensured. Each Congress(I) Chief Minister and party leader in every opposition-ruled state was therefore allotted a ‘quota’. The quotas kept changing as the logistics of transporting so many people to the capital unfolded. By 12 February, the state-wise quotas totalled 3.2 million ‘farmers’. Haryana and UP were expected to contribute 7 lakh farmers each. Punjab’s figure was five lakh. The figures began tapering off as the distance from Delhi increased.

The logistics of transportation depended on the extent to which the Railways could be persuaded to cooperate. On 10 February, however, Railway Board Chairman MS Gujral, in a blunt statement, made it clear that the Party would have to pay up every paisa in advance before it could hope to obtain ‘kisan special’ trains for the Rally. Although reports indicate that payments were indeed made in full (even for the return journeys) the inconvenience to passenger traffic, and the dislocation of goods traffic, could not be averted because many kisan specials ran hours behind schedule, snarling up regular rail traffic. At Rally’s end, a total of 133 trains had been requisitioned to transport approximately 3 lakh participants. The cost to the Party: a whopping Rs 3.4 crores (see box on costs, page 32).

Since the majority of participants, necessarily, had to come from neighbouring states (Punjab, Haryana, Rajas- than and UP) a huge number of trucks, buses and motorcycles had to be roped into the Rally ‘fleet’. Police Commissioner Bhinder put the total inflow of vehicles at 35,000, a super-convoy that gulped down 28 lakh litres of diesel.

Chief Ministers, state party chiefs and senior functionaries shuttled by air and road and rail to and from Delhi countless times in the final days of preparation. Both Houses of the UP Legislature were adjourned from 7 to 18 February. The Punjab Assembly was adjourned on 11 February to enable MLAs and ministers to prepare for the Rally. The next morning, as the pace became hectic, the secretariat building in Chandigarh wore a deserted look.

In Delhi, 25,000 Congress(I) workers toiled round the clock for nearly 10 days in order to ensure that arrangements worked smoothly. Twenty- seven tent-and-shamiana camping sites, each named after a champion of the downtrodden and designed to accommodate four lakh farmers, came up on open spaces around the capital. The largest, on Vinay Marg, which was to accommodate one lakh people, had 1,000 choldaris, 500 big tents, 600 impromptu latrines, 150 taps (taken out from the nearest water main) and 30 stalls selling food packets.

Each camp was manned by a three-tier cell consisting of Party workers, ex-servicemen and trained scouts who belonged to the Party. Announcements of train, truck and bus arrivals and departures were made over public-address systems rigged up at each site. In addition, each camp site had a telephone connection and a medical post. Bhagat revealed that he had roped in many college lecturers to help with arrangements. “They are excellent, conscientious people and know how to deal with problems,” he said. Plans went awry when the Railway Board refused to allow the farmers to sleep on trains, which the party had hoped would be parked on convenient sidings. Additional camping sites therefore had to be hastily requistioned. The DPCC (I) set up reception offices at the 10 railway stations where trains were arriving. The trains were then shunted off to distant places like Mathura so as not to block traffic. Even so, problems persisted. When an unseasonal down- pour descended on the night of 14 February, farmers at the Subzi Mandi camp tried to occupy newly-built DDA flats, but were ordered out again. Bhagat himself kept his fingers crossed until the very end. “It will be a miracle if we can provide sitting accommodation for every farmer,” he said. Regular work of the New Delhi- Municipal Committee (NDMC) and the Delhi Municipal Corporation (DMC) came to a virtual standstill as officials and labourers were enlisted for the Rally. Fifty NDMC labourers spent 10 days constructing the brick rostrum at the Boat Club venue. Hundreds more carried out erection of camps, installation of sanitation arrangements, and transportation of drinking water, in DMC tankers, to campsites. Two superintending engineers of the NDMC were threatened with compulsory leave for three months when they refused to cooperate.

At the Rally venue, at least 20 km of pipes were used to cordon the huge space into enclosures. Weston Electronics Pvt Ltd pitched in with 125 TV sets that were mounted on lampposts along Rajpath, and a video camera that beamed the Prime Minister to sections of the crowd that were too far from the rostrum. The Motwanes, purveyors of Chicago Radio sound-systems, installed 600 loudspeakers along a two km length, and put up 50 amplifiers to keep the output going. The night before the Rally, 50 cycle-rickshaws were pressed into service to paste up left-over posters (of which there were literally lakhs). Delhiites woke up on Rally day to miles of Rally bunting strung along every road leading to Rajpath and every traffic island.

The planning did not end here, On rally day, 20,000 policemen were pressed into service, and Delhi’s police force had to be augmented by contributions from neighbouring states. DPCC(I) workers prepared painstaking maps of Delhi, showing points of entry, foot and vehicle routes to the Rally, camping sites and the 16 different parking sites around the capital (See graph). It was obvious that the parking sites, designed to accommodate a maximum of 20,000 vehicles, would not be able to cope with the huge inflow.

At the campsites, food stalls were allotted to zealous party supporters who dished out often substandard food at cheap’ rates (a plate of four puris and bhaji cost one rupee, tea 50 paise, and a rice-plate a rupee) on a no-profit-no-loss basis to farmers complaining at having to pay for their food. Congress(I) MP and soft drinks magnate Charanjit Singh did his bit by selling the Campa range of aerated drinks at 50 paise a bottle (after the Government, reportedly, had agreed to waive excise duty).

The execution: It was in the execution of the Kisan Rally that the Congress(I)’s- methods of achieving its aims became crystal-clear. On 10 February, for instance, Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lat, who was keen to contribute the largest contingent to the Rally, summoned Faridabad industrialists to an informal meeting at a tourist complex. The industrialists agreed to put every available truck at the disposal of the Party. The weekly holiday for the Faridabad workers was advanced from Monday to Sunday, and workers attending the Rally on Monday were treated as on duty. In return, Bhajan Lal announced that eight hours of uninterrupted power supply would be ensured five days a week, and that 50,000 litres of diesel would be supplied immediately to local industrial units. Rally day was declared a holiday in the Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Ballabgarh and Bahadurgarh industrial areas.

In Rajasthan, Chief Minister Jagannath Pahadia and his Transport Minister asked the Rajasthan State Road Trans- port Corporation (RSRTC) to give 1,200 buses for the Rally. Never before had the RSRTC had to part with so many buses to a ‘private’ party. The Congress(I) paid RSRTC Rs 6 lakhs for diesel, but the three-day requisition . (RSRTC’s total fleet is 1,800 buses) cost the Corporation a Rs 14-lakh loss.

In Punjab, Chief Minister Darbara Singh remained in touch with district offices throughout and left late on the night of 15 February for Delhi from Rai, Haryana, after seeing off every truckload of Punjab farmers. Punjab PCC(I) workers were ordered not to touch liquor until they returned home from the Rally. Aspirants for berths in the Punjab Ministry (a cabinet expansion is due in March) vied with one another to take as many participants as possible to Delhi. MLAs belonging to the Darbara Singh and Zail Singh camps tried to assert supremacy by competing for participants.

Warring factions in the West Bengal Congress(I) had to promise full support for the Rally at a meeting at Union Energy Minister ABA Ghani Khan Chowdhury’s residence in Calcutta on 11 February. Subroto Mukherjee and Ajit Panja, the two rival leaders, were asked to forget their differences in the interests of the Rally.

The populism: The populism generated by an event like the Kisan Rally had to be heard to be believed. Senior Congress(I) leaders fell over each other in affirming their undying faith in the leadership of Mrs Gandhi. It seemed as though an intensive course had been designed to indoctrinate them for the Rally, so identical were their protestations of loyalty and their parroting of party ideals vis-a-vis small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, the landless, and the “downtrodden”.

At an interview in the AICC(I) headquarters on 13 February, Kisan Cell President Randhir Singh and convenor Kalpnath Rai waxed eloquent about the Rally, “Kulak leaders like Charan Singh represent only five per cent of the farmers,” said Rai. “The Rally will be a mammoth exercise in national integration,” said Singh. “Our Government has given the most to farmers out of a minimal exchequer,” said Rai. “The Rally will strengthen the kisans,” chimed in Singh. “We have asked all our Chief Ministers to do this for the party. This will strengthen the party, too-it’ll be a symbol for the country.”

It was on the question of costs that every Congress(I) leader proved adroitly slippery. Vasant “Dada” Patil said : “If the papers say we are spending Rs 100 crores, all the better. It will only help our image.” Shrikant Verma pleaded that the costs were incalculable because each State Government and Party unit had contributed its mite. Kalpnath Rai, however, was annoyed at persistent questioning. “Hisaab na karo lala jaise (don’t ask for accounts like a merchant),” he exploded. “Money is no consideration, even if millions and billions are spent on this.”

Pahadia possibly gifted the largest concessions in order to ensure kisan participation in the Rally. On 3 February, he announced a package that included increased electricity supply, more hours of lighting for rural networks, exempted new generating sets from octroi duty. raised the farmers’ diesel quota, and announced eight lakh additional litres of diesel, as well as the withdrawal of taxes on tractor-trolleys.

The event: As the Rally neared, the AICC(I) organised daily trips for the press to various camps. In general, all the participants appeared to have come willingly because they got a free ride to the capital. In many camps, the farmers complained about the poor quality of food being sold them.

Some were angry because they had been promised free food and had discovered, too late, that they had to pay for it. Many of the camps, even on the eve of the Rally, appeared to be half-empty. Unexpected showers on 14 February brought temperatures down from their balmy heights, and in the Ram Lila grounds camp (capacity 60,000) 500 kg of firewood was consumed in bonfires that warmed the shivering farmers.

State ministers made it a point to visit camps where “their” farmers were staying in order to oversee arrangements. At the Vinay Marg camp, farmers from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh gheraoed their leaders and threatened to quit if adequate food were not immediately provided. The next day, Andhra Pradesh’s newly-sworn in Minister’ for Minor Irrigation visited the camp to soothe tempers.

Delhiites were surprised to meet many “well-dressed” farmers. One such group from Tamil Nadu, sporting natty shirts and trousers, went foraging in Connaught Place for decent food, disgusted at the quality of the food being dished out in their camp. Shopping seemed to be high on the list of priorities for the visiting farmers. Said Kanshi Ram, president of the Ropar District Congress(I) Committee: “I know that quite a few general merchants who have come here as farmers are mainly interested in the free lift they got. They will prefer to visit Sadar Bazar (the wholesale market) and not join the Rally.” On Rally day, Assistant Commissioner of Police Nikhil Kumar, in a hired helicopter, hovered over the Rally site and the city, alerting his men to possible bottlenecks and facilitating an easier flow of people and traffic. Mercifully, many scooter-rickshaw and taxi drivers ignored the call to join the Rally. Many government offices wore a deserted look, because employees had gone to see the tamasha. All schools in the capital were closed.

From early in the morning, hundreds of thousands of people began trudging towards the Rally venue. By 10 am, the vast space stretching from the Boat Club to India Gate and beyond had filled up with a sea of faces. Congress(I) workers helped the police in controlling the crowds and shepherding them into the hundreds of enclosures, At one point, the workers began walking through the seated mass, throwing out small Party flags like confetti.

Behind the rostrum, near Vijay Chowk, two large balloons held a huge portrait of Mrs Gandhi aloft. Dozens of hoarding trumpeted the Prime Minister’s enduring love for the farmers. Although NDCC(I) president Vishwa Bandhu Gupta, through the good offices of a central minister, got a free supply of gas for his large US- manufactured raven balloon, strong winds and the inflammability of the butane gas used thwarted the hot air that could have kept the gimmick in the air.

There was plenty of hot air circulating nearby, however. A ragged choral group belted out songs extolling Mrs Gandhi’s and her Party’s virtues from a smaller dais fronting the rostrum. Self-appointed poets laureate inflicted their atonal paeans on the suffering crowds. The crowds suffered because of the heat, too, and quite a few fainted in the crush. From time to time, sloganeers led by DPCC(I) president HKL Bhagat mounted the dais to work up some fervour. As time dragged on, however, the crowd began to get restive. Many thousand farmers, in any case, had to turn away from the Rally because there was no space to squeeze into. Party General Secretary SS Mohapatra told a foreign journalist: “Half a crore will come, mark my words. Delhi is jampacked, the rooftops are jampacked.” But, however far one craned one’s neck, the crowd did seem to stretch, but not towards infinity.